This study investigates the efficiency of PVDF hollow fiber membrane bioreactors for treating untreated wastewater. A range of parameters, including biofilm formation and operating conditions, were manipulated to optimize system performance. The results demonstrated that PVDF hollow fiber membran

Nanobubbles, intriguing structures with unique physicochemical properties, have garnered significant interest in recent years. These microscopic pockets of gas entrapped within a medium exhibit exceptional stability and influence various phenomena in diverse fields. Generating and analyzing na